Welcome to Aaron Manke's Cabinet of Curiosities, a production of iHeartRadio and Grimm and Mild.

Our world is full of the unexplainable, and if history is an open book, all of these amazing tales are right there on display, just waiting for us to explore.

Welcome to the Cabinet of Curiosities.

Human beings have looked to the stars for as long as well we've had stars to look at.

The night sky inspires wonder in all of us.

In the ancient world, it was a chart that could hold the images of God's and show a person's future, And today it shows us how small our world is in the vast universe.

And sometime between these two points in history, as far back as ancient Greece, someone had that sneaking thought, what if there's another being looking back at us from the stars.

In nineteen thirty nine, a well known politician wrote an eleven page essay reflecting on this age old question.

Inspired by the recent radio adaptation of HG.

Well's War of the Worlds.

He titled his essay are we alone in Space?

His country, and by extension, our planet, was in a tenuous place in the late nineteen thirties.

In September of that year, the Second World War would officially begin in Europe, plunging the world into a period of distrust and death at an unprecedented scale.

The following year, London itself would face several years of devastating bombardment from German planes in a period called the Blitz.

Perhaps this politician wrote their essay as a form of escapism, to let his mind wander away from the impending stress and terror of the war, reflecting instead on what sort of being might live beyond the stars and what conditions might need to survive.

He posited that liquid water would be required for any sort of life, as all living species here appear to require it, although he did acknowledge that they have discovered creatures so small that they cannot be seen by the human eye.

He also astutely noted that for a planet to be suitable for life, like on Earth, it would need to be a specific distance away from its star, close enough for heat to encourage growth, far enough away that it has a stable atmosphere and smooth conditions.

He considered each planet in turn, including the relatively recently discovered Pluto, and addressed what science knew about each environment.

Some he accepted as more plausible locations than others.

His unshakable conclusion about the Moon, for instance, was that it was one of the places that can never support life, because it's just an arid desert.

In his words, the essay concluded by leaving the overall possibility open, and it reads as thus, I, for one, am not so immensely in pressed by the success we are making of our civilization here that I am prepared to think we are the only spot in this immense universe which contains living, thinking creatures, or that we are the highest type of mental and physical development which has ever appeared in the vast compass of space and time.

The writer sold his essay to the Sunday Dispatch, which printed it in nineteen forty two under the title are There Men on the Moon?

Although the beginning of the war somewhat obscured our record of this publication, the essay itself, though published, would not appear in any collections of the Dispatch's articles, and thus would be forgotten in the noise of the nineteen forties.

After the war, this politician returned to the essay, revising it twice over the following decades, he considered alternate titles such as are we alone in the Universe?

And does life exist elsewhere in the Universe.

It seems that he was contemplating reprinting the essay, but it would never come to pass.

After passed away in the nineteen sixties, these additional drafts would sit in the desks of literary agents for many years to come, until in twenty seventeen someone unearthed the history of drafts of this essay.

Though the public was already aware of the existence of the original one, the discovery of subsequent drafts cast the politician's career in a new light as someone who had an untapped scientific interest, regularly returning time and time again to this same question that has puzzled philosophers, astrophysicists, and casual observers since the dawn of humanity.

What is perhaps most astonishing about the essay itself, though, is the author It was written during the start of World War II by one of the principal men involved in the fighting of that war.

It was written by Winston Churchill.

It was nighttime in Los Angeles and the city was settling into a sort of uneasy quiet.

News of the Day continued to play on radios around the city, describing the war somewhere across the Pacific.

By February nineteen forty two, tension had gripped the United States, especially along the West Coast, where rumors had been circulating for months about possible Japanese attacks on California, Oregon, and Washington.

Suddenly, the night exploded into light.

People awoke to a shock of searchlights and thunderous gunfire as arcs of fires streaked across the sky.

Anti aircraft fire thundered for nearly three hours as the battle in the sky raged, but when the dawn broke, there was no evidence of bomb damage or destroyed planes, leaving the city to wonder if the night's dramatic events had truly occurred.

The strange event came to be known as the Battle of Los Angeles.

Three months earlier, on the morning of December seventh, nineteen forty one, the Japanese Navy launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.

The attack destroyed much in the naval shipyard and killed over two thousand, four hundred service members and civilians working in the area.

Communities along the West Coast had been placed on heightened alert for months, with blackout drills, air raid sirens, and constant military patrols shaping daily life.

It goes without saying that Pearl Harbor had sent shockwaves throughout the entire country, and it left West Coast residents particularly anxious.

In fact, just days before this harrowing night of anti aircraft fire, a Japanese submarine had targeted a California oil field, heightening fears of further assaults.

In addition to this, the Navy sent a warning out on February twenty fourth that a Japanese strike on the continental US was likely.

The city began to prepare, testing air raid sirens and issuing instructions to be haired for blackouts, and the military was ready at the mere hint of an attack, they would hit back hard.

When radar showed an unidentified object approaching the coast, the military sprung into action.

Anti aircraft guns relentlessly hammered at the unseen enemy for over three hours.

Hundreds of rounds of artillery were shot into the skies over la As searched the heavens frantically, and it's fair to say that there was a lot of confusion.

Commanders struggled to coordinate the barrage, with conflicting reports from radar operators and observers that were fuelling the chaos and contributing to the night long spectacle.

Residents could only shelter in place and listen as the explosions shook the city.

Families clung to one another in their basements and living rooms, while street lights flickered and dogs barked wildly, turning the city into a horror scape of fear and confusion.

Finally, though the all clear sounded and the bomb blast was replaced by silence.

In the comings, officials scrambled for answers, and there were many possible theories for what had transpired.

Some suggested that the radar might have picked up a weather balloon, although no evidence ever confirmed this.

The Navy also pointed to lingering anxiety after the recent oil field Attech, which may have fueled paranoid decisions.

A misreading of radar signals likely triggered the prolonged one sided barrage.

Newspapers ran editorials criticizing the military and describing the whole affair as a Hollywood spectacle, and lawmakers out in Washington, d C.

Pushed for formal inquiries on the barrage, and more than that, photographs of the sky over Los Angeles that were taken during this time of the barrage have fueled conspiracy theorists and UFO enthusiasts.

The phrase Battle of Los Angeles kind of became shorthand for dramatic but ultimately hollow confrontation.

The military thoroughly reviewed the incidents and took action to make sure that it would never happen again.

More intensive protocols were created around the authorization of anti aircraft fire, and the training for radar operators became more thorough.

It's been nearly eighty years since the night sky lit up over Los Angeles, and still it holds sway in the public imagination.

Its inspired books like James Elroy's This Storm, and even a Steven Spielberg film loosely based on the event.

In nineteen eighty three, the Office of Air Force History review the incidents and concluded that weather balloon's were the most likely explanation.

The resulting confusion, combined with fear and inexperience with emerging radar technology, caused a massive overreaction.

Today, historians view the Battle of Los Angeles as a classic case of mass hysteria, a perfect illustration of a moment when panic, uncertainty, and split second decisions led to utter chaos.

It serves as a striking reminder of how quickly vigilance can tip into fear and how easily a tense situation can spiral out of control.

And more than that, it reminds us how perception can shape historical events just as much as reality itself.

I hope you've enjoyed today's guided tour of the Cabinet of Curiosities.

Subscribe for free on Apple Podcasts, or learn more about the show by visiting Curiosities podcast dot com.

The show was created by me Aaron Mankey in partnership with how Stuff Works.

I make another award winning show called Lore, which is a podcast, book series, and television show, and you can learn all about it over at the Worldoflore dot com.

And until next time, stay curious.