Episode 97. Cava: History, Grapes, and the Quality Revolution in Spanish Sparkling Wine

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Episode Overview

We are continuing our sparkling wine series, and this week the focus is on Cava, Spain's traditional method sparkling wine. In this episode, I walk through the history of Cava, its unusual geography, how it is made, and the quality-driven movements that have emerged in response to its mass-market image.

This episode is especially helpful for WSET Level 2 and Level 3 students, as well as anyone looking to better understand the differences between Champagne, Cava, and other traditional method sparkling wines.

A Brief History of Cava

The first traditional method sparkling wine in Catalonia was made in 1872 by José Raventós after a visit to Champagne. Inspired by what he saw in France, he brought the technique back to Spain and began producing sparkling wine in the Penedès area.

The growth of sparkling wine production accelerated after the arrival of phylloxera in the late 1800s. As red wine vineyards were replanted, producers shifted their focus toward grape varieties better suited to sparkling wine.

The term Cava was officially adopted in 1970, replacing the use of the word "Champaña," and the Cava DO was formally recognized in 1986 following Spain's entry into the European Union. The word Cava comes from Catalan and means "cellar."

The Geography of Cava

Cava is unique among European appellations because it is non-contiguous. Unlike most DOs, Cava production is not limited to a single, clearly defined geographic area.

That said, around 95 percent of all Cava is produced in Catalonia, centered on the town of Sant Sadurní d'Anoia. Other permitted areas include Navarra, Rioja, Valencia, the Basque Country, Aragon, and Extremadura.

For students, this non-contiguous geography can feel confusing, which is why maps and visual references are especially helpful when studying Cava.

How Cava Is Made

Cava must be produced using the traditional method, meaning it undergoes a second fermentation in the bottle.

Key production requirements include:

• A minimum of nine months of lees ageing before disgorgement

• Slightly higher permitted yields than Champagne

• Alcohol levels typically between 10.8 and 14.8 percent

Most riddling today is carried out using gyropallets, a technology developed in Spain that allows producers to handle large volumes efficiently.

Traditional Grape Varieties

Cava relies on three historic white grape varieties with deep roots in the region:

• Macabeo (also known as Viura)

• Xarel·lo

• Parellada

These varieties are genetically related and well suited to the climate and soils of Catalonia.

For rosé Cava, permitted varieties include Garnacha and Monastrell.

International varieties were added later, with Chardonnay approved in 1986 and Pinot Noir in 1998. Their inclusion remains controversial, as some producers feel these grapes dilute Cava's regional identity.

Style and Tasting Profile

Most Cava is non-vintage and designed to be enjoyed on release. Compared to Champagne, Cava generally shows:

• Moderate rather than high acidity

• Dry styles with approachable balance

• Yeast character from lees ageing, though often different in expression than Champagne

One interesting tasting note discussed in this episode is how autolytic character can differ depending on grape variety, sometimes showing more earthy or savory tones compared to the bread and toast notes often associated with Champagne.

Production Scale and Industry Structure

Cava production is highly concentrated. While there are over 200 producers, the majority of production is dominated by a small number of large companies.

The "Big Three" producers, Freixenet, Codorníu, and García Carrión, are estimated to account for roughly 80 percent of total Cava production. This concentration has shaped both the image and regulations of the appellation.

The Quality Revolution: Clàssic Penedès and Corpinnat

In response to concerns about quality and regional identity, several producers broke away from the Cava DO.

Clàssic Penedès

Launched in 2014, Clàssic Penedès became the world's first sparkling wine appellation requiring 100 percent certified organic grapes. Key features include:

• All grapes sourced from DO Penedès

• Minimum 15 months lees ageing

• Disgorgement date required on the label

• Traditional and ancestral methods permitted

Corpinnat

Founded in 2017, Corpinnat means "heart of Penedès." It is a private quality designation focused on terroir and estate production. Requirements include:

• 100 percent organic or biodynamic grapes

• Hand harvesting only

• Minimum 18 months lees ageing, often much longer

• At least 90 percent indigenous Penedès varieties

Producers include Gramona, Recaredo, Llopart, Nadal, and Torelló.

While there have been discussions about closer alignment between Clàssic Penedès and Corpinnat, they remain separate entities as of today.

Why This Matters

Both Clàssic Penedès and Corpinnat represent a shift toward stricter standards, organic viticulture, and clearer regional identity. Seeking out these labels is one way consumers can explore higher-quality Spanish sparkling wines beyond entry-level Cava.

What's Next

Next week, we head to Italy to talk about Prosecco, including how it differs stylistically and legally from traditional method sparkling wines.

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