In this “Theology Unpacked” episode, Dr John Moffatt SJ explores the growing struggle for control of the Church between the Pope and Christian monarchs, tracing the shift from imperial oversight in both East and West to the sweeping reforms of the eleventh century.

He explains how Pope Gregory VII asserted the Pope as the supreme lawgiver for all Christians, claiming authority over bishops, councils, and even emperors, culminating in the dramatic confrontation with Henry IV at Canossa.
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