"Centinel I" was published in the Philadelphia Independent Gazetteer on October 5, 1787, written under a pseudonym by Samuel Bryan, a Philadelphia patriot and son of Pennsylvania political leader George Bryan. This essay was one of the earliest and most widely circulated Anti-Federalist critiques of the proposed Constitution, appearing just weeks after the Constitutional Convention concluded. The essay was reprinted in numerous newspapers throughout the states and became one of the most influential Anti-Federalist writings during the ratification debates. Centinel went on to write 23 more essays between October 1787 and November 1788. 

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