In this Micro Minutes episode, Luis breaks down classic microbiology traits that usually hold true, but not always.  From indole-negative E. coli to non-swarming Proteus and oxidase-negative Pseudomonas, this quick episode highlights real-world exceptions that can catch techs and students off guard.

Learn how to spot:

• Indole-negative E. coli (98% rule + inactive biotypes)

• Lactose-fermenting look-alikes like Citrobacter freundii

• Proteus species that don't swarm

• Pseudomonas species that test oxidase negative
  
  

A fast, practical reminder that no single biochemical test should stand alone.

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