On 20 years since the 2005 riots.

Fred Lyra, philosopher and musicologist based in Paris, joins Alex to talk about France through 4 moments: 1995 – the last moment of classic class struggle; 2005 – riots in the banlieues; 2015 – Islamist terror; 2025 – government collapse.

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• How were the riots normalised? And what was the state's response?

• Why did the riots prompt debates about "models of integration"?

• Why is there an "excess" of state in the banlieues, and an absence of state in left-behind smaller cities?

• How did France go from the Nuits Debouts protests to the Gillet Jaunes – and how did they differ?

• What about Bloquons Tout protests and the repeated fall of governments today?

Links:

• The Peripherisation of France, Fred Lyra, A Terra É Redonda

• Two, Three, or More Fractures in French Society?, Fred Lyra, A Terra É Redonda

• Bonapartist Solutions, Dylan Riley, Sidecar

• Nuits Debout: Up All Night, Fred Lyra, Lavra Palavra